Are “Voluntary” Self-Employed Better Prepared for Retirement Than “Forced” Self-Employed?

Retirement patterns for self-employed workers.

1. The allowances could be tied to other social security benefits, which are adjusted annually in November. Although the adjustment has been keyed to either prices or wages, whichever is higher, the new social security bill, which has just been passed and will determine the November 1980 uprating, changes the indexing formula to follow prices only. 2. Benefits could be indexed in line with the ...

Who Are the Self-Employed?

S or entrepreneurship, is commonly held to provide an important avenue for individuals to advance up the income ladder. For some, it may provide a better route than paid employment, while for others, who may be disadvantaged when pursuing paid employment, it may provide the only route.1 The perceived importance of selfemployment is reflected in government programs such as the U.S. Small Busines...

Self-employed Individuals' Tax Retirement Act of 1962.

Are the self-employed really that poor? Income poverty and living standard among self-employed in Sweden

Small enterprises are often highlighted by politicians as important engines of economic growth and job creation. However, previous research suggests that self-employment might not be equally beneficial for individuals in terms of their income compared to regular employment. Several studies have in fact found that the self-employed may face a substantially higher poverty risk than do regular emp...

On Preferences for Being Self-Employed∗

The concept of procedural utility assumes that agents do not only receive utility from outcomes, but also attach an independent value to the procedures that lead to these outcomes. This paper analyzes whether the preferences that underlie procedural utility are homogeneous, using the case of independence at the workplace. I exploit the event of German reunification to assign preferences for ind...